Presented in this monograph is a district level empirical case study focusing on the Patna district of Bihar state in eastern India. The purpose of the study is to examine critically the socio-economic status of agricultural labourers in the study area, through an intensive field survey of select households. The survey was conducted across male as well as female agricultural labourers, including child labourers, to cover diverse aspects such as patterns of employment and factors influencing employment, wage structure, income and expenditure pattern, working and living conditions, status of savings/indebtedness, poverty, impact of government measures and schemes on labour welfare, and the overall socio-political status of agricultural labourers. The findings of the study present a holistic picture of the prevailing socio-economic conditions of agricultural labourers of Patna district.